中华视窗是诚信为本,市场在变,我们的诚信永远不变...
中国加入《核安全公约》与《乏燃料与放射性废弃物管理公约》后对缔约国递交的至少七份国家履约报告,只有一份向公众公开,黑箱程度在远东地区签约国中独一无二
不论核电项目大小,中国官方很少公开信息。从全国宏观层面来说,中国于1996年加入国际原子能机构的《核安全公约》、2006年加入国际原子能机构的《乏燃料管理与放射性废弃物管理安全联合公约》,按这两个公约的规定,每三年中国必须提交一份陈述如何履约的国家报告。而按环保部、国家原子能机构、辐射防护研究院等相关政府部门的新闻稿来看,中国已经提交了至少五次《核安全公约》国家报告、两次《乏燃料与放射性废弃物管理公约》国家报告,每次都成功通过。但用各种搜索引擎检索后,就会发现相关报告只有2001年中国《核安全公约》国家报告完整版能从国家核安全局的网站上下载。在国际原子能机构的网络版“核废弃物管理资料库”中,也可以发现《乏燃料与放射性废弃物管理公约》的远东地区成员国中,只有中国不公布报告完整内容。
同类项目上,法国官方检查弗拉芒维尔核电站140次,公布详细描述每次过程结果的报告数百份,因安全停建两次;中国官方检查台山核电站次数不详,公布相关材料9份,有问题也一直大干快上。
从单个微观项目来说,全世界在建的核电堆有72个,现在中国有28个,但在“国家核安全局”与环保部“核安全管理司”的网站上,只有“核安全管理司”从2005年到2013年的年报里以简表形式概略描述国内所有已运行、在建的核电站与实验堆的监管实践状况。具体到台山核电站而言,2014年彭博社的报道,以同由法国公司参与营建的法国弗拉芒维尔核电站与中国台山核电站相对比:法国监管机构自2007年以来对弗拉芒维尔项目进行了140次检查,在网站上公开了数百份报告与函件,详细描述每次监察的过程和结果,因营建过程中安全不达标停建两次。而中国监管机构在网站公布的关于台山项目的材料“只有9份”,检查次数不详,水泥等有问题也没耽误大干快上。
中国官方2009年宣布于2010年底前将核安全机构规模从两百人扩到一千人,直到福岛事件后2012年突击扩编才达到目标
2014年法国核安全监管专员菲利普·贾米特在法国议会作听证时,告诉议员们“不幸的是,中方的合作并未达到我方预期的水准,其中一个原因是中方的核安全监督部门缺少手段,他们的人力不堪负荷”。中国官方不给核安全监察机构配够人力,也是经年不改。根据《纽约时报》2009年报道,当年中国官方宣布要在下年底前将核安全机构的雇员人数从200人扩充到1000人。但按约翰霍普金斯大学高级国际研究学院中国研究系主任的文章,他2010年到访中国时,有关官员告诉他中国核安全机构的职员仍只有300人。美国官方监督104个运营中核电机组的官方机构“核管制委员会”雇佣了3709人,相比较下,要等到福岛核事故后,监督近50个运营中与在建核电机组的中国核安全局及其下属机构的编制才在2012年突击扩编到1000人。
台山核电站作为中国出力、法国出技术的合建项目,中方不向法方提供工程进展,法国监管者向中国合作方和核安全机构打电话发传真没人理
广东台山核电站项目作为中国国内最晚近的中外合建核电项目,受全世界瞩目最多,因为外国人相信只有从这个项目才能得知可确信的中国核电安全的监管效率与透明程度。但结果是法国方面对项目安全监督和透明程度比中方要上心得多。
法国的电力国企“法国电力集团”与“阿海珐”公司等在芬兰有与台山相似的核电站工程:法国企业提供第三代“欧式压水堆”技术和关键部件、原料,当地合作者负责出力修建。但根据2014年6月《福布斯》杂志的报道,法国核能监管机构“核安全局”国际关系部门的负责人史蒂芬·帕勒表示:“要知道台山工程具体进展如何,一直都不是一件容易的事”、“在‘欧式压水堆’的控制上,我方与中国未能建立起与芬兰的类似合作关系”。根据彭博社的相关报道,法国方面发到“中国核安全局”寻求回应的电话和传真都没有下文。“中国广核集团”,即与法国合作建造台山核电厂的公司,也未回应法国方面提出的问题。
2014年,法国核安全督查员以强烈措辞向上级报告:台山核电厂保养大型组件远不达标。
台山核电站的严重安全缺陷基本都是由法国方面警告中方,最近的钢材材质警告并非首次。2014年3月,法国电力集团的核能安全督察员让·坦都奈特向该公司的首席执行官递交年度报告,详细描述了他于2013年年中访问台山核电厂发现的情况。在报告中他指出“台山厂诸如泵与蒸汽电机等一些大型组件保养水平连差强人意都算不上”。以该企业在芬兰与本国弗拉芒维尔地区营建的核电站标准而言,台山厂“远不达标”。英国剑桥大学核能硕士班的主任、核能工程师托尼·罗斯通说,法方监督人员的警告和批评措辞明显超过欧陆各国核能机构评价他国项目时的“软绵绵”外交辞令。
福布斯专栏附上:::
Will China The Next ?
6/22/2014 @ 7:24
A , in blunt , last week about the of a in , in China’s . There, China Power Corp., a state , will soon and a with two 1,750 by Areva, the . de is the , about 80 miles west of Hong Kong, and is a 30% owner of the .
Each of the units will have twice the of the and will be the in the world. The , as the units are known, have not been put into . China’s EPRs are to go next year, well units in and , now under .
The EPRs in are about four years . In China, there have been , but , $8.3 , is than the or .
Is the quick pace in China a good or bad sign? “It’s not easy to know what is at the site,” [said](/news/2014-06-18/---says- china--.html) of ’s . “We don’t have a with the on EPR like we have with the .” ’s those of Jamet, a .
“, isn’t at a level we would wish it to be,” he told this , to the .
Not is a , . Areva Chief tells us China’s “is .”
could be , but it have far too much to do. “One of the for the in our is that the lack means,” Jamet said. “They are .”
To their , , in the wake of the March 2011 in Japan, for and of both under and in . Yet now China is in full-steam-ahead mode, and have to be . At the , 28 of the [72 under in the world](/PRIS// ntry.aspx) are in China, and is about to issue . No is more at this time. -place is only 10.
Not only are in China, they are to them. The first is , which is an model that will be the first of its kind. are that the , based on a and built with parts, will ’s 20 .
And China has that go far , its -old . state will take up to a 40% in Point C, a with two EPR to be built in the of , near . And last week [ an ](world-- /NP-UK--paves-way-for---plant-.html) with China to allow that ’s to build, own, and - power in . Three state are also of in , , South , and .
Many think will . “China has all the for in power ,” [says](//china-///3-- state-firms--build---) Kim Young-joon of law firm , Tweed, & . “It has , , and deep .”
China has the money, but its is , at least to . have few in the 22 years China has been from the atom, but it is not clear they have told us . “The of China’s are a total black box,” says Lai of The , a think tank in Hong Kong. “China has no .”
, China’s three would be thin by an push. They the full “” of post- and do not have even for the phase. It is, , they can the for their full-court press .
Even at home, there are big marks. Li Yulun, a vice of China Corp., [has ](//china-///china- -plant-delay---) that on do not share ’s on . , the State has about the pace of in China. China, we have to , is the where gets built ahead of , but “tofu” fall down, new , and just-laid train warp.
So why are not their when the call to talk about ? Maybe they’re , as Jamet, the , . And maybe there are at the plant that don’t want to talk about. From what we know, has had its share of . For , a a visit last year saw steam and pumps not “at an level.”
Or maybe ’s are the that seems to . We can only as to the does not want to talk about .
Yet we can be sure is wrong, so we have to be that there could be in our , in China or at a plant soon to be built .